
Photo by colros (License: Creative Commons Attribution)
The word "fascism" has lost almost all currency in modern political or historical discourse. It has become a political curse word, among the handful that both the right and left wing use as a synonym for "oppressive evil" in government. Despite the word's murky and confused history of use, there remains a very real threat, both abroad and at home, of the kind of political movement that originally inspired its use.
I hope to define, in clear terms, what I mean by the word, and how it comes to appeal to well-meaning people.
The term "fascism" comes from the Italian "Fascismo," the political doctrine of Benito Mussolini. Published in 1932, his "Doctrine of Fascism" remains a telling window into the term as defined by a true believer:
The Fascist conception of the State is all-embracing; outside of it no human or spiritual values can exist, much less have value. Thus understood, Fascism is totalitarian, and the Fascist State—a synthesis and a unit inclusive of all values—interprets, develops, and potentiates the whole life of a people.
Mussolini was very explicit in distinguishing his "Italian Fascism" from left-wing, liberal, or socialist movements:
Fascism is therefore opposed to Socialism to which unity within the State (which amalgamates classes into a single economic and ethical reality) is unknown, and which sees in history nothing but the class struggle. Fascism is likewise opposed to trade unionism as a class weapon. But when brought within the orbit of the State, Fascism recognizes the real needs which gave rise to socialism and trade-unionism, giving them due weight in the guild or corporative system in which divergent interests are coordinated and harmonized in the unity of the State.
Also:
After Socialism, Fascism attacks the whole complex of democratic ideologies and rejects them both in their theoretical premises and in their applications or practical manifestations. Fascism denies that the majority, through the mere fact of being a majority, can rule human societies; it denies that this majority can govern by means of a periodical consultation; it affirms the irremediable, fruitful and beneficent inequality of men, who cannot be leveled by such a mechanical and extrinsic fact as universal suffrage.
Also:
Fascism is definitely and absolutely opposed to the doctrines of liberalism, both in the political and economic sphere.
It can be difficult to believe that these descriptions of fascism are written as an endorsement of this form of government, rather than as a critique. The themes its attacks are precisely those upon which America was founded: democracy, equality before the law, protection of the rights of the individual, etc. It therefore seems impossible to many Americans that fascism could be a force at work in American government. But this force exists (exemplified by some of the more extreme elements of the right wing). It may not be as brazen, as explicit, or as extreme as Mussolini's form of fascism, but it nevertheless represents a reason to worry about the integrity of our democracy.
Laurence Britt authored an excellent article in Free Inquiry magazine that outlines the common traits of seven dictatorships commonly identified as "fascist:" Hitler's Germany, Mussolini's Italy, Franco's Spain, Salazar's Portugal, Papadopoulos's Greece, Pinochet's Chile, and Suharto's Indonesia. These regimes had in common:
1. Powerful and continuing expressions of nationalism.
2. Disdain for the importance of human rights.
3. Identification of enemies/scapegoats as a unifying cause.
4. The supremacy of the military/avid militarism.
5. Rampant sexism.
6. A controlled mass media.
7. Obsession with national security.
8. Religion and ruling elite tied together.
9. Power of corporations protected.
10. Power of labor suppressed or eliminated.
11. Disdain and suppression of intellectuals and the arts.
12. Obsession with crime and punishment.
13. Rampant cronyism and corruption.
14. Fraudulent elections.
For the purpose of a civilized discussion, I feel Britt's characteristics to be, when taken as a set, a fair, historically accurate, and applicable definition of fascism. And, alarmingly, some of these characteristics seem to apply to elements of the political spectrum both in America and in other democracies worldwide.
In the seven regimes Britt analyzed, the dictatorship came to power under a banner of popular support. Fascism is not merely a problem of leadership, because such leaders come to power with the support of fascist followers. If we are to safeguard our own democracy, we must think seriously about our own beliefs, and to make sure we aren't, with the best intentions, setting ourselves up for disaster.
The similarity among fascist regimes is no accident: fascism addressed the deeply-held concerns of some proportion of the societies it arose in, and promised comprehensive, aggressive reforms to address those issues. By examining fascism in terms of the needs it addresses, we can better understand how democracies can go fascist.
The rallying cry of every nationalist group worldwide is "We're Number One!" People are drawn to being a part of something great, and strong national identity is a core component to fascist mass movements because it puts the State on a pedestal. The same goes for religious or ethnic supremacy. Perhaps it's "whites" and "Christians" in addition to "Americans." The point is that fascism embraces the idea that "us" is better than "them." Better need not mean more powerful or more rich; it often means "more pure," "morally superior," or other ambiguous qualifiers of superiority.
The myth of supremacy is critically important because anything that questions that supremacy can be seen as a destructive force. Those who question the myth are attacked as being insufficiently patriotic, even treasonous, because of the need to believe.
A common thread among supporters of fascist policies is an aggressive dislike of disagreement, as mentioned above. It's not enough for some that they believe their own nation to be supreme - they imagine a nation unified in belief and action, free of dissent. Those who support fascist policies not only feel visceral anger when faced with dissent, but they tend to filter their exposure to the media to actively ignore such dissent.
Part of the reason fascist leaders have had such success in disseminating propaganda is that their supporters are inclined to believe anything that agrees with their worldview, and to reject anything that disagrees with it. The presence of other opinions offends fascist mass movements, who take great comfort in being part of a group.
Fascism plays on the fears of the people, and a fascist regime is forever displaying itself as under attack. When military threats aren't apparent, the threat of sleeper cells, attacks on culture, or other forms of "invasion" are invoked. The supreme nation is, in a fascist mentality, forever under siege by an aggressive, self-destructive world. Consequently, massive steps are taken to ensure that not only is the nation safe, but the nation's culture is safe as well.
Fascist states invariably invest heavily in state security, whether or not a real threat exists. Because of this widespread fear of threats, both foreign and domestic, a society's need for safety can trump their good sense, and the apparatus of authoritarianism is usually erected under the auspices of keeping a nation safe.
Protecting the country from evil is not enough. Fascist policies call for an overwhelming response to real or imagined transgressions. Those guilty of crimes, the thinking goes, deserve to be treated as traitors, because any crime is a crime against the nation and the national interests. In the fascist mindset, "criminals" are a different class of citizen, inferior by definition to the "good folk" and not entitled to the same rights and privileges. It is from this thinking that human rights abuses are not only perpetrated by fascist states, but even condoned by its citizens.
This thinking extends to dissenters as well. The fascist masses are uncompromising in their attacks on critics, and (because their cause is noble) any tactics are acceptable. Smearing enemies of the state and generally making their lives miserable is simply "just deserts" in this view.
Perhaps the most perverse component of fascist mass movements is the call to sacrifice for the good of the state. Not only are civil liberties and civil services scaled back, but these sacrifices are embraced as being "for the good of the nation." Fascist citizens hold a common belief that win-win scenarios are fantasies, that all policy situations are zero-sum games.
The flip-side of this is that anyone who isn't willing to sacrifice those things is accused of wanting the nation to fail. The fascist ideology imagines that such sacrifices are not only sufficient - they are necessary, and must be made. Anyone who doesn't agree is a coward or a parasite.
This article isn't an attempt to single anyone out. Extremism of every stripe is dangerous, because it (by definition) rejects the values of compromise and negotiation. My position is simply that America should recognize that, in the past, fascist policies have had disastrous consequences. They have bankrupted nations and institutionalized criminality. They have embraced crimes against humanity and stand vilified in the eyes of history. When modern politicians take steps in the direction of fascism, we should be alarmed, as history has shown it to be the road to strife and ruin.
Great article. There are many similarities recently between fascism and the U.S.
What it reminds me of is how the Roman Empire went from being a democracy to being a dictatorship. I sincerely hope that doesn't happen to the U.S.
Rome was never a Democracy. They were a Republic without any Democratic institutions. The Senate was full of aristocrats who had title due to their status, and the pleabs (the closest you came to representation of the people) were appointed by the senate.
The US system is following the path of the empire that the Roman republic followed... we even had out own Grachii Brother's incident (the Kennedy brother's)
I made a post in another discussion much like what I am saying below:
"Fascism should more properly be called corporatism because it is the merger of state and corporate power." -- Benito Mussolini
Picture 1 - notice the wall behind JFK
The symbolism is not coincidental
The concept of "strength in unity" may seem benevolent enough, but I believe that any state anywhere is ultimately at odds with the people. Then again, I am a libertarian socialist anarchist.
The thing is, I agree that many of the "democratic" societies of the world are slipping further towards fascism. You can see it in a lot of the actions taken by politicians. You can see it in the building and maintenance of some 600 privately run (thanks Haliburton and friends) FEMA concentration camps just waiting for an influx of prisoners.
Naomi Wolf argues some of the same things in her recent book about what she sees are 10 steps towards overt fascism. Here is an article about this book and the moves in this direction America is taking (though I would argue many nations are taking these types of actions).
I don't believe that this can end well for the people of the world who value life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. But I would venture to say any victory the fascists of the world have will be fleeting. People value their life and liberty.
Interesting. I feel a subliminal message developing in the back of my head. Perhaps I am punch drunk from the body blows of agenda driven writers. As of late I cannot read the comics without asking myself, "What does the cartoonist really mean?"
Thanks for that Diego Sevi. I found this to be a case of "What does the cartoonist really mean?" too. Is he appealing to fascism himself or is he an advocate of Libertarianism on drugs or gone insane? One has to wonder.
This is a wonderful crystalization in one succinct essay of an idea which has been becoming increasingly clear in recent years. Thank you Belarius and I'm clipping it for reference. Should be required reading.
I do think that a great part of the impetus behind the support for fascism is an overreaction to feelings of inadequacy and powerlessness in the individual. So it's a pschological need to compensate, in the way a large black SUV might be. Fascism allows people safety from their feelings and emotions, sublimating them in the "soccer hooligan tribalism" of national militarism, so it's self perpetuating because this is not a solution but an exacerbation of the same personal lack which made Fascism attractive in the first place.
Ah but we have moved on from the age of the isms and we are now in the age of the izations. Colonialism becomes Capitalization, Fascism becomes Militarization, etc etc
Militarization is the primary agenda of the day. What is Olive Oil (Dr Rice) up to today? The Militarization of Poland. Yesterday ? India, the day before ? Saudi Arabia and the list goes on.
...it appeals to deeper, more primal instincts.
An excellent point, IMO.
An informative article. Belarius.
Fascism is what happens when the left goes bad...
Cool article, very few people know that both Hilter and Mussolini were left wingers.
Ah they were leftists. That means the solution to Americas problems is to shift further to the Right Again.
I think that one of the points of the article was that facism is not so much a left- or right-wing concept, but rather a sort of human tendency which can be reached by any number of avenues as it appeals to deeper, more primal instincts.
Very well done, Belarius. Clear and concise.
This post was meant to go in this thread.
...it appeals to deeper, more primal instincts.
An excellent point, IMO.
An informative article. Belarius.
Fascism is definitely not left wing, but neither is it definitely right wing. It's probably best though of as radicalized populism, and populism can be left or right wing.
obastart... you are diluted if you think Fascism is a left with idea.
with == wing.
I would agree with ignoblus.
Fascism is a fusion of corporate power with the state. Depending on what you consider to be left wing, a corporatist can be left wing as well.
Traditionally, however, the left stands for socialism, not corporatism. oBastard simply needs to validate his hard right insanity and needs to feel that his support of the fascist policies of the Republicans is actually protecting us from Fascism.
Here is a better idea ob... Look at what they are doing their actions, not their politics will lead you to the correct conclusion. Loss of freedom is reached on the left and the right when you are dealing with authoritarian policies as an underlying political base. Right now, the Democrats and Republican are living int eh world of Authoritarianism. lets move the debate to Libertarian left and right wing topics and just deride all the authoritarians as bad people.
Ron Paul is the only politician out there that stands for freedom. I may not agree with his economic ideas completely, but he is on the correct side socially. That should be all it takes for people who really want freedom. Lets win back the debate and then worry about changing the economic direction.
I couldn't disagree with you more about Ron Paul, BMS. His campaign strikes me as appealing precisely to the sort (though not explicitly so or suggesting that he would wish for such things to become explicit) of radicalized populism I was talking about.
The totalitarian regimes of the left - like Stalin and Mao - would seem to me to lack the following in the same way they are present in fascism.
3. Identification of enemies/scapegoats as a unifying cause. - not as a unifying cause
5. Rampant sexism.
8. Religion and ruling elite tied together. - arguing that communism is a religion is specious
9. Power of corporations protected. - clearly not. The power of the party replaces this
10. Power of labor suppressed or eliminated.
14. Fraudulent elections. - no elections
The characteristic of totalitarian communism would seem to be the casting of all activity as political activity in relation to the great historical melodrama of he class struggle. This is used to disassemble society and personal life and remake it as work in the service of the ruling oligarchy - which is the party.
Yes they're both totalitarianism, but I think it's less than helpful to try to draw parallels beyond this because the driving force of communism is an appeal to the economic disaffection of the lower income groups rather than to the personal disempowerment (and I would say feelings of social and sexual inadequacy) of lower income groups. Communism suggests revolt against the corporate bosses where fascism suggests sublimation within the context of a militarized corporate state.
Actually, Stalin did use scapegoats, most especially Jews. As for the rest of the post, quite right, though I would point to Chavez who has drawn attention to whether fascist governments can look leftist. Chavismo represents many of the traits of your sublist.
This is a unifying feature of the totalitarian left and right - use of the personality cult. Should be a warning sign in each direction. I guess it's true to say the intellectuals and petit bourgeoise were made scapegoats by Stalin and Mao, as well.
So, Ignoblus,
you feel that Paul is simply playing lip service and truly feels that an authoritarian state is the best method to govern?
I don't want to mix up political stances. While Libertarian Socialists and Libertarian Capitalists differ in economic policies, neither has a monopoly on the ease of corruption to authoritarian policies.
Libertarian capitalists can easily fall victim to corporatism, in the same token, Libertarian Socialists can easily fall victim to Leninism.
I will tell you that I certainly do not fall into either camp of libertarianism completely, but I can certainly say, moving the debate from authoritarian policies socially is the best first step toward becoming free.
Are you more against capitalism, or authoritarianism? right now we are debating economics in an authoritarian structure... lets move the debate of economics to a libertarian structure. voting for Ron Paul would allow us to do that.
you feel that Paul is simply playing lip service and truly feels that an authoritarian state is the best method to govern?
No. As I said, I think that totalitarianism is implicit in some of his beliefs and, more importantly, that the appeal of his campaign is based on a radicalized populism. In other words, though Paul might despise neo-Nazis, I think there's a reason neo-Nazis like Paul. Furthermore, though most of Paul's supporters likely despise neo-Nazis, I think there is something relevant about noticing that many neo-Nazis support Paul.
Paul has been linked with The John Birch Society (by noting that he has many friends and an interesting statement that he "[doesn't know]" how much he disagrees with them), and I think we can take them as a good example of what I mean. They officially oppose racism and antisemitism, but they've attracted all sorts of racists. At one point, they were even led by the incipient neo-Nazi, Revilo P. Oliver. They kicked him out, to their credit, but it's no coincidence that he managed to achieve a position of prominence in their organization.
Neo-Nazis probably support him because he is for removing hate crime legislation, among other repeals he would likely make such as assault weapons bans, etc. That is simply a reflection of the appeal he has to those who want the freedom to think the thoughts they like and not be punished for it.
I do not see his positions or policies as promoting racism, but rather, they do not dissuade it. It is a byproduct of freedom, unfortunately. He is nearly a classic Libertarian Capitalist. If I look thought his positions, I agree with many of them, however those are dealing stricting with his social agenda. His economic agenda is not to my liking, but there are some redeeming aspects in it as well, and once we are debating economic policy under a Libertarian framework, the less desirable aspects can be moderated with some Libertarian Socialist ideas.
BTW.. I can find very little about his connection with the John Birch society... that includes any mention of it in Wikipedia.
Let's start with the JBS stuff:
The beneficial, educational impact of the John Birch Society over the past four decades would be hard to overestimate. It is certainly far more than most people realize. Anyone who has been in the trenches over the years battling on any of the major issues - whether it's pro-life, gun rights, property rights, taxes, government spending, regulation, national security, privacy, national sovereignty, the United Nations, foreign aid - knows that members of the John Birch Society are always in there doing the heavy lifting. And most importantly, they approach all of these issues from a strong moral and constitutional perspective. Lots of people pay lip service to the Constitution, but Birchers study it, understand it, apply it, and are serious about protecting it and holding public officials accountable to it."
Quote's a little hard to verify, except that the JBS of central Ohio seems to believe it. What I think more people are focusing on is this from the New York Times:
In his office one afternoon in June, I asked about his connections to the John Birch Society. "Oh, my goodness, the John Birch Society!" he said in mock horror. "Is that bad? I have a lot of friends in the John Birch Society. They're generally well educated, and they understand the Constitution. I don't know how many positions they would have that I don't agree with. Because they're real strict constitutionalists, they don't like the war, they're hard-money people. . . . "
Now, on to the Nazis:
Neo-Nazis probably support him because he
No, it goes quite a bit deeper. Quotes are from different users at Stormfront, but I won't link. The site itself supports Paul, and claims to have raised over $800,000 for him.
Ron will fix the border and stop the demographic hemmorhage. Thats a PLUS. Ron would pull our troops out of Iraq and end the billions of dollars in military and financial aid we send Israel every year. THATS A PLUS. He'd also dissolve the IRS, hopefully in favor of a consumption tax. If that means we stop subsidizing minorities, thats also a PLUS. As a non-interventionist, we wouldn't get involved in places like Yugoslavia or Sudan and we probably wouldn't be sending monetary AID to the Africans. Thats a PLUS. He'd preserve American sovereignty, shut down the NAFTA superhighway plans, and block the plans for a North American Union. PLUS PLUS PLUS.
And while there are some saying he's not good enough because he isn't explicitly racist, there are others saying:
Remember: the game is rigged. Paul can't come out swinging.
Also, realize this support comes despite Tancredo being more explicitly racist.
But, of course, my argument isn't that he's tainted specifically by their support. There are all sort of loonies and crackpots supporting all sorts of candidates, and the candidates don't have much of a say in it. I'm sure Paul himself is fairly embarrased by it. But, here's a quote I find more interesting:
He stands against the NWO, he has identified it several times in speeches. He clearly understands what is really going on in the world, and he is against it.
Note, also, the last part of the longer quote above. It is a particular notion of freedom that Paul holds which is resonating with these guys. And I think it is in that notion of freedom - that also leads to his relationship with 9/11 Truthers - that an implicit fascistic tendency can be found in Paul's views. The JBS is anti-fascist, pro-freedom, yet they were a chief proponent of McCarthyism, the closest this country has yet come to fascism.
ignoblus,
You then must be claiming that he is simply a facade of libertarianism with his real agenda being authoritarianism.
Like you said, just because stormfronters support him because they like some of his ideas does not make him a racist, thus their support does not put forward your argument. The best argument you have is JBS and even then, he likes those people for their strict constructionist views.
He is an Libertarian Capitalist. It is on the same side of the spectrum as Fascism, but it promotes freedom of action rather than the strong central government of fascism. I think that is where you are getting lost and misidentifying his motivations.
I support him because I want to move the debate from an Authoritarian framework to a Libertarian framework and debate the economics from there. If we have a weak central government, then our states can decide their own economic organization, you could have Capitolist states, Mutualist states and Socialist states, all using the same money. I think it would lead to an interesting system. Gradually, you will end up having some economic systems fail and convert to another system and you will reach a point that every state has a very similar economy.
You then must be claiming that he is simply a facade of libertarianism with his real agenda being authoritarianism.
Not quite. It isn't a facade, more of a failure to deal, so far, with what his libertarian/conservative ideology(and he is at times a traditional conservative) means when you really get down to it. As much as I hate libertarianism, I wouldn't say such a think about a strictly libertarian candidate.
You hate Libertarianism as practiced in the US (which is actually Libertarian Capitalism, with individualist tendencies) or all libertarianism from the left all the way to the right?
Economic libertarianism, I should say.
that makes no sense to me.
Libertarianism is on the social spectrum of politics. Its opposite is Authoritarianism. Capitalism and socialism are on the economic spectrum. Combining both the social and economic you have a political ideology.
I think you are against Libertarian Capitalism. I think that getting into the Libertarian mindset is most important right now... then the socialist ideas might not seem so crazy as they do right now since we are basically in an alien world from that way of thought with our authoritarian capitalism.
I would like to say, the greatest danger of Libertarian capitalism is that it may fall into fascism fairly quickly... similarly, Libertarian Socialism can fall into Stalinism quickly. A moderate view would then be the best course of action I think. Some sort of Mutualism which uses markets but does not allow for perceived value (the value the market will bare) to enter the price of a good or a service.
truly, a perfect market system would result in such a pricing system as the prices would fall to labor costs. Under a mutualist system however, every worker and executive would get paid the same, thus making it possible for workers to make products while selling an item for the cost of production.
I don't find your description of libertarianism the least bit compelling, BMS. (For starters then how do the JBS turn out to be the JBS?) And, in any case, Paul has some well known conservative (as opposed to libertarian) tendencies that you really haven't addressed.
ignoblus,
The JBS is the JBS because they are not truly Libertarian. Conservative economic tendencies? I expect that since he is a Libertarian Capitalist. I think we are speaking past each other here because I base my thoughts of Libertarianism on what real Libertarianism is and not what the Republican party has made it over the last century.
Belarius,
Libertarian is a social descriptor of a belief that is the antithesis of Authoritarianism. You then can mix in the economic policies and get a complete political ideology. American Libertarianism as practiced by the American Libertarian party is Libertarian Capitalism.
As for the point about markets.... I said a perfect market not a free market. A perfect market is a free market, but not all free markets are perfect.
Mutualism is a market based system. Again... under a perfect market system, you approach a mutualist economy because you have perfect competition which drives the prices down to the costs associated with production which is labor and resources. The way the workers get paid equal to the executives is that in a perfect market with a perfect labor market, in order to get employees, you have to pay them well... if your prices are low, the only place to make them low while attracting workers is to equalize pay.
That is under a perfect system which is imposable. but a system that has markets that are not messed with to give an advantage to one interest over another and has a way to keep companies from becoming behemoths (there are ways to set up the economy with out having to be too interventionist) can result in a system that approximates mutualism.
No, conservative as opposed to libertarian.
I base my thoughts of Libertarianism on what real Libertarianism is
But you should be basing them on what Paul is and isn't. He is not a to-the-bone libertarian. He's also very much a conservative, and in the style of the JBS at that.
Well, I think it may be time to reexamine what motivates humanity. Accumulation of monetary or material wealth (at the expense of the well-being of the community) seems to be the major cause of a lot of the problems in the world. Humanity needs a radical change in perception if it is going to evolve, adapt and survive.
Also, the janitors are taken for granted, though their work is as indispensable as any c.e.o. (in a larger societal sense). That janitor might have a family, might have kids, and one of his/her kids may be the scientist to solve a health dilemma (or whatever).
But if that janitor is not earning a "living wage" and that child doesn't have access to the educational resources that the c.e.o.'s family can afford, the child might become destitute.
The problems we face are systemic and I think that an honest, system reboot of the world---world 2.0, is needed. What we have now is sort of the 'Windows95' of operating systems.
Belarius,
I know reality and theory are completely separate things. that is why I used the term "perfect" in my comment.
There are ways in which you can set the rules to play that such large companies could not exist. I know in my discussions with L.C. like KyleN that such methods have been discussed. I can not recall the details at the moment however. I am generally talking about how markets would tend toward mutualism in a perfect system due to competition, thus mutualism is the best starting point.
Great (and scary) article, Belarius. If only it were because Hallowe'en is coming up.
It might be useful to mention that almost every fascist gov't established, has been estabished during a time of economic stagnation.
Interesting then that we have the worst economic stagnation since the great depression in the 70's during Nixon's time and much of this "Unitarian" Executive nonsense came out of him and his advisors who are now running this country.
When you start to believe in Democracy is when you lose it.
how about syndico-anarchism as an alternative to libertarianism?
I sat with a feeling of amazement through this piece of yours Celestina. It was exceptionally well written and thought through. And it is indeed a scary thought. An as a matter of fact, it looks in my rear view mirror as a factual path onto which, in an even scarier way, seems to be where this American Administration is guiding some of this worlds easier manipulatable Governments towards.
Thanks for the insight and nice to be reading your essays again.
Best Regards, LR.
Ok great, I just made a total fool out of my self, Sorry Belarus for being such a nut case to not understand who it was that had written this amazing article. I apologize a thousand times, but I did in fact see this in Celestinas column and thought therefor that it was she who had written it, Now I just found out that a new feature is the one where we can "clip this article or that article to our own columns" I find it rather cool to be able in spreading great articles like this so I took the freedom to spread this piece by inserting it to my own column. As already stated, sad to have done such a mistake but I do now have the chance in correcting it, thus.,...Thanks for a great essay!!!
Excellent article, and one that certainly has parrallels with what is happening both in America and Britain.
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